亚洲中文久久精品无码ww16_九九爱爱视频_国产97在线观看_与子敌伦刺激对白播放_成人a大片在线观看_色亚洲网站_免费国产黄色网址_国产 校园 另类 小说区_男女午夜猛烈啪啦啦视频_av av片在线看_五月婷婷激情第四季_少妇9999九九九九在线观看_久久精品国产一区_麻豆av剧情新婚之夜_亚洲日韩色在线影院性色_日本狠狠干_国产超碰人人做人人爱cart_欧美日韩一卡2卡三卡4卡 乱码欧美孕交_韩国午夜福利片在线_免费污视频在线观看

一站式體驗(yàn)    全國(guó)咨詢(xún)熱線:400-127-9331 電話:158 1071 1812  電話:159 0116 2001
專(zhuān)業(yè)專(zhuān)注工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)-產(chǎn)品制造加工-產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)解決方案
塑料材料環(huán)保嗎-塑料產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)-塑料外殼設(shè)計(jì)
2022-11-12
摘要:指出了近年來(lái),塑料資料開(kāi)展疾速,固然其能耗較低,但一次性塑料廢棄物很難回收應(yīng)用,不易自然降解,不管是普通填埋,還是燃燒都不可防止的會(huì)形成環(huán)境污染。針對(duì)塑料資料對(duì)人體和環(huán)境的危害,提出了正確認(rèn)識(shí)和處理塑料資料廢棄物帶來(lái)的環(huán)境問(wèn)題,并呼吁人們?nèi)绾稳フ_看待這些問(wèn)題。

關(guān)鍵詞:塑料資料;環(huán)保;回收應(yīng)用

中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):TQ32文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A文章編號(hào):1674-9944(2016)08-0102-02

1.引言

近年來(lái),塑料資料的開(kāi)展速度驚人,由于其具有能耗耗費(fèi)低的特性,因此被大量運(yùn)用于人們的生活與工作中。固然這樣,但其并不是白璧無(wú)瑕的,除了回收應(yīng)用難度大之外,其自然降解也十分艱難,不管采用何種處置方式,其所產(chǎn)生的環(huán)境污染問(wèn)題都是很難防止的。固然從80年代以來(lái),許多國(guó)度都出臺(tái)了相關(guān)禁用或限用措施,但大多都沒(méi)得到落實(shí),對(duì)塑料工業(yè)的開(kāi)展來(lái)說(shuō),既有來(lái)自環(huán)境問(wèn)題的應(yīng)戰(zhàn),也要面對(duì)塑料資料的減量化問(wèn)題,形勢(shì)十分嚴(yán)峻。

2.塑料的危害

作為一類(lèi)高分子化合物,塑膠制品的主要原料為合成樹(shù)脂,且加有一定量的穩(wěn)定劑、增塑劑以及抗氧化劑,其制成需滿足一定的的塑化條件。目前,包括聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚碳酸酯(PC)等在內(nèi)的塑料均是我國(guó)允許運(yùn)用的食品用塑料。這些塑料在加工過(guò)程中都嚴(yán)厲依照相關(guān)的消費(fèi)工藝請(qǐng)求,且各類(lèi)助劑的添加也已國(guó)度請(qǐng)求為準(zhǔn),在這一規(guī)范下消費(fèi)的塑料制品不會(huì)對(duì)人體形成危害。但是一些黑心廠家一味追求利益,忽視人們的身體安康,運(yùn)用回收的塑料制品,還有甚者將廢舊VCD光碟、醫(yī)療渣滓(運(yùn)用過(guò)的一次性注射器、輸液器)以及服裝業(yè)用的拉絲料回收起來(lái),用以制造礦泉水桶、水盆和其它食品用工用具。這些用具中包含有大量的有毒、有害性化學(xué)物質(zhì),若這些物質(zhì)進(jìn)入到食品中,將會(huì)極大危害人們的身體安康。比方氯乙烯單體進(jìn)入胃腸道后,有些會(huì)隨呼吸道排出,但另一局部則合成成一氯醋酸與乙醇,從而損傷神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和肝臟等器官,誘發(fā)血管瘤等疾病。

3.塑料資料和可持續(xù)開(kāi)展

塑料資料有著堅(jiān)實(shí)耐用、綜合性能好等特性。作為現(xiàn)今社會(huì)四大支柱資料之一,其與木材、水泥和鋼鐵等資料普遍運(yùn)用于人們的日常生活與工作中。塑膠資料和其它資料相比,不只有利于能耗的大幅減少,也能最大化的節(jié)約資源,且產(chǎn)品用后有很大一局部都能被回收應(yīng)用。目前,全球產(chǎn)量在2億t左右,有著非常普遍的用處,包括工農(nóng)業(yè)、國(guó)防、交通等范疇,不但在促進(jìn)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)方面發(fā)揮了積極作用,也使人們的生活需求得以滿足,生活質(zhì)量日益進(jìn)步。

4.正確看待塑料包裝資料廢棄物帶來(lái)的環(huán)境問(wèn)題

4.1正確認(rèn)識(shí)“白色污染”問(wèn)題

對(duì)大多數(shù)人來(lái)說(shuō)“白色污染”一詞并不生疏,且他們均分歧以為產(chǎn)生“白色污染”的罪魁禍?zhǔn)拙褪撬芰吓菽途摺⑺芰蠋У纫淮涡运芰习b廢棄物。但是這一認(rèn)識(shí)并不正確,塑料包裝資料并不是招致“白色污染”的基本緣由,而“白色污染”也不是塑料袋和塑料泡沫餐具的代名詞,要曉得,不論是什么樣的一次性消費(fèi)品,就算其原料為自然資料,都免不了腐朽、降解,且這一過(guò)程也需求一定的時(shí)問(wèn)與相應(yīng)的環(huán)境條件。當(dāng)前,還沒(méi)有一樣產(chǎn)品是運(yùn)用過(guò)后,馬上就能消逝的,所以假如不能妥善的處置廢棄物,將其隨意丟棄,也會(huì)污染環(huán)境景觀,因而,歸根結(jié)底,形成“白色污染”的緣由并不只在于塑料資料本身,很大水平上都與人們隨意丟棄渣滓,管理不到位有關(guān)。

4.2正確認(rèn)識(shí)“以紙代塑”問(wèn)題

“以紙代塑”不管從論點(diǎn),還是導(dǎo)向上來(lái)說(shuō),均不夠全面,且缺乏合理性。面對(duì)各種材質(zhì)產(chǎn)品的廢棄物,不能只依據(jù)直覺(jué)或者常識(shí)來(lái)判別哪些是有益于環(huán)境的,哪些又是毀壞環(huán)境的,而應(yīng)該以產(chǎn)品的生命周期剖析為評(píng)價(jià)規(guī)范。以生活中常見(jiàn)的塑料袋和紙袋為例,我們經(jīng)常能夠看到一些人在選擇綠色資料時(shí),大多數(shù)都會(huì)選擇紙袋,由于他們以為塑料袋會(huì)對(duì)環(huán)境形成嚴(yán)重污染。且一些宣傳中也經(jīng)常說(shuō)到塑料袋的運(yùn)用會(huì)加劇城市污染,要挾我們的生態(tài)環(huán)境,因此竭力的勸導(dǎo)消費(fèi)者盡量不運(yùn)用塑料餐飲具,而選用紙質(zhì)餐飲具,購(gòu)物時(shí)也盡量不要塑料袋,以紙袋替代。其實(shí),紙制品與塑料袋相比,不管是在能源耗費(fèi)還是污染上,前者都比后者要大。經(jīng)過(guò)美國(guó)、德國(guó)、日本等國(guó)度對(duì)不同紙制品、塑制品對(duì)資源、環(huán)境的影響比擬所得出的數(shù)據(jù),可看出,塑料的環(huán)境順應(yīng)性高于紙制品。

除此之外,原聯(lián)邦德國(guó)包裝市場(chǎng)研討機(jī)構(gòu)也停止了一次調(diào)查,淵查結(jié)果顯現(xiàn),若以傳統(tǒng)資料替代塑料對(duì)產(chǎn)品停止包裝.不只會(huì)大幅度增加包裝資料本錢(qián),包裝資料的重量與渣滓產(chǎn)生量也會(huì)隨之增加,且也會(huì)產(chǎn)生更多的廢棄物和溫室氣體排放量,耗費(fèi)更多的能耗,極大的污染環(huán)境。由此可見(jiàn),紙張?zhí)娲涣怂芰希瑑烧叩奶匦耘c定位有明顯區(qū)別,不管是在現(xiàn)目前,還是今后的包裝范疇,紙塑并存必然是時(shí)展的趨向所在。

4.3正確認(rèn)識(shí)回收、回收處置和回收應(yīng)用問(wèn)題

回收、回收處置與回收應(yīng)用從字面上差不多,但卻有著不同的技術(shù)內(nèi)涵,同收處置與回收應(yīng)用均是樹(shù)立在回收的根底上的,只要嚴(yán)密分離三者,才干使塑料包裝廢弁物問(wèn)題得到妥善處理,將其對(duì)環(huán)境的污染降到最低,完成冉資源化。但我們也不能只以技術(shù)、經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題來(lái)對(duì)待舊收、同收處置與回收應(yīng)用,其作為一個(gè)社會(huì)系統(tǒng)工程問(wèn)題,在有效回收體系的樹(shù)立、應(yīng)用與處置上均存在著很大的難度,急需社會(huì)各界在科技投入上加鼎力度,互相配合,將其作為重要戰(zhàn)略任務(wù)來(lái)實(shí)行,造福于子孫后代。

4.4正確認(rèn)識(shí)降解塑料與回收及回收應(yīng)用之間的矛盾問(wèn)題

自從產(chǎn)生塑料包裝廢棄物和環(huán)境問(wèn)題后,大局部人郁將希望寄予于降解塑料,片面的以為運(yùn)用一次性降解塑料包裝資料后,就不會(huì)產(chǎn)生廢棄物,并不會(huì)對(duì)環(huán)境形成污染。應(yīng)曉得,降解塑料固然有一定降解功用,但并不能使其全部消逝,且也需具備一定環(huán)境條件與周期。就一次性塑料廢棄物污染環(huán)境的管理來(lái)說(shuō),分離生物降解塑料與堆肥化辦法意義嚴(yán)重。且降解塑料與回收、回收應(yīng)用之間的關(guān)系是相輔相成的,兩者共同努力于處理塑料廢棄物污染環(huán)境問(wèn)題,能促使塑料資料工業(yè)朝著可持續(xù)方向開(kāi)展。

5.結(jié)語(yǔ)

塑料資料有許多優(yōu)秀的性能,在儉省資源、減少耗費(fèi)方面效果非常顯著,但塑料制品用后其廢棄物。特別是一次性制品的廢棄物較難回收應(yīng)用,又不易在自然環(huán)境中降解,因而如不增強(qiáng)回收處置,其對(duì)環(huán)境帶來(lái)的負(fù)面影響十分之大。但也必需充沛認(rèn)識(shí)到絕大局部塑料屬熱塑性塑料,可回收作為再生資料,而難于回收應(yīng)用或不宜回收應(yīng)用的一次性消費(fèi)品,也正開(kāi)發(fā)作物降解塑料作為替代品,它們?cè)谟煤笠咨锝到馔瑲w自然循環(huán).或與其它有機(jī)質(zhì)渣滓堆肥化處置成為肥料回收應(yīng)用。

塑料資料在構(gòu)建循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)、資源節(jié)約、環(huán)境調(diào)和型社會(huì)和施行可持續(xù)開(kāi)展戰(zhàn)略過(guò)程中,將繼續(xù)發(fā)揮重要而積極的作用。
塑料為什么要叫塑料-塑料產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)-結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) |上一頁(yè) 返回列表 下一頁(yè)| 食品包裝那些材料安全-外觀設(shè)計(jì)-結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)-機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)

聯(lián)系電話 : 4 0 0-1 2 7- 9 3 3 1 
聯(lián)系電話 : 1 5 8 1 0 7 1 1 8 1 2
聯(lián)系電話 : 1 5 9 0 1 1 6 2 0 0 1
 

友情鏈接:工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)公司智能抄表系統(tǒng)包裝設(shè)計(jì)公司AI摳圖登報(bào)工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)遺失登報(bào)聲明庫(kù)卡機(jī)器人培訓(xùn)同城信息網(wǎng)工業(yè)純水設(shè)備蘇州網(wǎng)站推廣加固公司成都不銹鋼雕塑廠TPETPE供應(yīng)廠家vi設(shè)計(jì)北京消防維保北京管道疏通展會(huì)頻道成都消殺公司抖音運(yùn)營(yíng)設(shè)計(jì)公司河南實(shí)驗(yàn)臺(tái)全網(wǎng)營(yíng)銷(xiāo)短文學(xué)
右手(北京)科技有限公司  sz_zt163@163.com Copyright © 2012-2022  Ycwlkeji lnc 保留所有權(quán)利 京ICP備2022019573號(hào)-1
  • Top
  • 微信

    微信公眾號(hào)

  • 電話
    15810711812
  • 點(diǎn)擊咨詢(xún)
  • 主站蜘蛛池模板: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |